Evaluate Laser Communication Links

STK Pro, STK Premium (Air), STK Premium (Space), or STK Enterprise
You can obtain the necessary licenses for this training by contacting AGI Support at support@agi.com or 1-800-924-7244.

This lesson requires STK 12.2 or newer to complete it in its entirety. It includes new features introduced in STK 12.2. It was updated using STK 12.4 which is the preferred version due to user interface changes.

The results of the tutorial may vary depending on the user settings and data enabled (online operations, terrain server, dynamic Earth data, etc.). It is acceptable to have different results.

Capabilities covered

This lesson covers the following STK Capabilities:

  • STK Pro
  • Communications

Problem statement

Engineers and operators need to analyze laser communication link budgets using propagation losses at optical and IF frequency ranges. Weather conditions (such as humidity, clouds, fog, or dust) affect these propagation losses. The main advantage of using laser communications rather than using radio waves is increased bandwidth. Increased bandwidth enables the transfer of more data in less time. Laser communications can connect satellite to satellite, ground application to satellite, or satellite to ground application.

In this lesson, you will design a laser communications system. You will evaluate a multi-hop satellite to satellite and satellite to ground laser communications link.

Solution

You will use STK Pro and STK's Communications capabilities to model and analyze a link budget between a Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellite, a Geosynchronous satellite (Geo), and a ground site. You will use both the Beer-Bouguer-Lambert Law and the MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table Laser Atmospheric Absorption Loss Models to design the laser communications link.

What you will learn

Upon completion of this lesson, you will understand the following:

  • Laser receiver and transmitter models
  • Laser environment properties
  • Multi-hop communications

Creating a new scenario

Create a new scenario.

  1. Launch STK ().
  2. Click the Create a Scenario () in the Welcome to STK dialog.
  3. Enter the following in the STK: New Scenario Wizard:
    4. Option Value
    Name: STK_Laser_Comms
    Location: Default
    Start: 1 Mar 2022 20:00:00.000 UTCG
    Stop: 2 Mar 2022 20:00:00.000 UTCG
  4. Click OK when you finish.
  5. Click Save () when the scenario loads. STK creates a folder with the same name as your scenario for you.
  6. Verify the scenario name and location in the Save As window.
  7. Click Save .

Save often during this lesson!

Disabling Terrain Server

Terrain will not be used in your analysis, so you can turn off the Terrain Server:

  1. Right- click on STK_Laser_Comms () in the Object Browser.
  2. Select Properties ().
  3. Select the Basic - Terrain page.
  4. Clear the Use terrain server for analysis check box.
  5. Click OK .

Inserting a LEO satellite

The International Space Station (ISS) will transmit laser communications to a Geo satellite. You will insert the ISS from the Satellite Database.

  1. Select Satellite () in the Insert STK Objects tool.
  2. Select the From Standard Object Database () method.
  3. Click Insert....
  4. Enter 25544 in the Name or ID: field within the Search Standard Object Data window.
  5. Click Search .
  6. Select ISS (ZARYA) in the Results: list.
  7. Click Insert .
  8. Click Close to close the Search Standard Object Data window after the satellite propagates.

Inserting a Geo satellite

The Geo satellite will relay laser communications from the ISS to a ground site.

  1. Insert a Satellite () object using the Orbit Wizard () method.
  2. Set the following in the Orbit Wizard:
    3. Option Value
    Type: Geosynchronous
    Satellite Name: Geo_Sat
    Subsatellite Point: -130 deg
  3. Click OK .

Inserting a ground site

You have selected a ground site location that is located in desert terrain and has a clear atmosphere throughout most of the year.

  1. Insert a Place () object using the Define Properties () method.
  2. Select the Basic - Position page.
  3. Set the following:
    4. Option Value
    Latitude: 34.382 deg
    Longitude: -117.682 deg
    Height Above Ground: 10 ft
  4. Click OK .
  5. Right-click on Place1 () in the Object Browser.
  6. Select Rename.
  7. Rename Place1 () Ground_Site.

Creating an ISS transmitter antenna gimbal system

Laser communications require high antenna gain. However, maintaining contact with extremely narrow beams is difficult, especially if transmitters and receivers change their relative positions. Laser communications require a two-dimensional gimbal to achieve precise alignment, tracking, and pointing. In STK, you use a Sensor object to model this.

  1. Insert a Sensor () object using the Insert Default () method.
  2. Select ISS_ZARYA_25544 () in the Select Object window.
  3. Click OK .
  4. Rename the Sensor1 () ISS_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal.

Modifying the sensor's field of view

Use a Simple Conic sensor pattern. When using the Sensor object to point the antenna at a target, you can use the sensor's field of view for situational awareness. It's up to you to define that view.

  1. Open ISS_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page. The default Sensor Type is set to Simple Conic.
  3. Change the Cone Half Angle: value to 1 deg.
  4. Click Apply to accept the changes while keeping the Properties Browser open.

Targeting the Geo satellite

The Sensor's Pointing page enables you to set parameters to determine how a sensor is aimed. The Targeted pointing type causes the sensor to point to other objects in the scenario. In this case, you will point to (or target) GEO_Sat ().

  1. Select the Basic - Pointing page.
  2. Set the Pointing Type: to Targeted.
  3. Set the Track Mode: to Transmit in the Targeted frame.
  4. Select Geo_Sat () in the Available Targets list.
  5. Move () Geo_Sat () to the Assigned Targets list.
  6. Click OK to accept your changes and close the Properties Browser.

Adding an ISS transmitter

You will set up the International Space Station's laser transmitter.

  1. Insert a Transmitter () object using the Insert Default () method.
  2. Select ISS_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal () in the Select Object window.
  3. Click OK .
  4. Rename Transmitter1 () Uplink_Tx.

Laser transmitter model

The Laser Transmitter model models the transmit terminal of a laser communications link. In combination with the Laser Receiver model, it facilitates communications laser link budget analysis.

  1. Open Uplink_Tx's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page.
  3. Click the Transmitter Models Component Selector ().
  4. Select the Laser Transmitter Model in the Select Component window.
  5. Click OK to close the Select Component window.
  6. Click Apply.

Using Model Specs

The Model Specs tab allows you to set the transmitter's frequency, power and data rate.

  1. Select the Model Specs tab.
  2. Set the following:
    3. Option Value
    Frequency: 101 THz
    Power: 20 dBW
    Data Rate: 1.2 Gb/sec
  3. Click Apply .

Transmitter antenna

The Gaussian Optical Antenna Model uses an analytical model of a Gaussian beam. The model is like a parabolic antenna within about -6 dB relative to the boresight. This antenna is specific to a laser transmitter or receiver.

  1. Select the Antenna tab. The default antenna model is Gaussian Optical.
  2. Set the following:
    3. Option Value
    Design Frequency: 101 THz
    Gain: 85 dB
  3. Click OK .

Copying scenario objects

To save time, you can reuse scenario objects in STK. Keep in mind that any objects which you reuse will also copy any attached objects. Copy the ISS_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal () and paste it onto the Geo_Sat ().

  1. Right-click ISS_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal () in the Object Browser.
  2. Select Copy ().
  3. Right-click Geo_Sat () in the Object Browser.
  4. Select Paste ().
  5. Expand () Geo_Sat () in the Object Browser if required.
  6. Expand () ISS_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal1 () if required.
  7. Right-click Uplink_Tx1 ().
  8. Select Delete ().
  9. Click Delete if prompted.
  10. Rename ISS_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal1 () to Geo_Rx_Antenna_Gimbal.

Pointing to the ISS

You need to point the sensor object at the ISS_ZARYA_25544 () to prepare for the linked budget report.

  1. Open Geo_Rx_Antenna_Gimbal's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Pointing page.
  3. Set the Track Mode: to Receive in the Targeted frame.
  4. Select ISS_ZARYA_25544 () in the Available Targets list.
  5. Move () ISS_ZARYA_25544 () to the Assigned Targets list.
  6. Click OK .

Geo satellite receiver

You need to attach a Receiver () object to GEO_Rx_Antenna_Gimbal ().

  1. Insert a Receiver () object using the Insert Default () method.
  2. Select GEO_Rx_Antenna_Gimbal () in the Select Object window.
  3. Click OK .
  4. Rename Receiver1 () Uplink_Rx.

Laser Receiver model

The Laser Receiver model enables you to model free space laser communications in the near infrared, visual, and ultraviolet bands.

  1. Open Uplink_Rx's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page.
  3. Click the Receiver Models Component Selector ().
  4. Select Laser Receiver Model in the Select Component window.
  5. Click OK to close the Select Component window.

Using Model Specs

The Model Specs tab allows you to set the Frequency, Optical Detector Specifications and Link Margin.

  1. Select the Model Specs tab.
  2. Look at the default settings on this page.

    3. The Auto Track option allows a receiver to track and lock onto the transmitter's carrier frequency with which it is currently linking, including any Doppler shift.

    APD Photodetector computes the signal-to-noise ratio. An APD photodetector differs from a PIN photodetector by providing internal signal gain.

  3. Click Apply .

Choosing an antenna model

Use the Gaussian Optical Antenna Model.

  1. Select the Antenna tab. The default antenna model is the Gaussian Optical antenna model.
  2. Set the following:
    3. Option Value
    Design Frequency: 101 THz
    Gain: 85 dB
  3. Click OK .

Creating a simple Link Budget

You can creat a Simple Link Budget report with the Access tool. The Link Budget Report is a specialized Access Report for basic link budget analysis and is available using the Link Budget button in the Reports frame of the Access window. Throughout the rest of the lesson, you will make Link Budget reports to show BER rates and you will refresh the reports as you modify the scenario.

  1. Right-click on Uplink_Rx () in the Object Browser.
  2. Select Access... ().
  3. Expand () ISS_ZARYA_25544 () in the Associated Objects list.
  4. Expand () ISS_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal ().
  5. Select Uplink_Tx ().
  6. Click Compute .

Generating a Link Budget report

  1. Click Link Budget... in the Reports frame.
  2. Scroll to the right of the report.
  3. Locate the BER (Bit Error Rate) column.
  4. Scroll down through the report.

    5. You want a BER of 1.000000e-08 or lower. The satellite-to-satellite optical transmission occurs in outer space. At this point, your BER values, overall, are good.

  5. When finished, close the report and the Access Tool.

Relaying the satellite-to-satellite transmission to the ground site

Your link budget in outer space is good. Re-transmitting the signal from the Geo satellite to the ground site adds a new dimension: atmosphere.

  1. Right-click ISS_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal () in the Object Browser.
  2. Select Copy ().
  3. Right-click Geo_Sat () in the Object Browser.
  4. Select Paste ().
  5. Rename ISS_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal1 () Geo_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal.

Targeting the ground site

  1. Open Geo_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Pointing page.
  3. Select Ground_Site () in the Available Targets list.
  4. Move () Ground_Site () to the Assigned Targets list.
  5. Click OK .
  6. Expand () Geo_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal () in the Object Browser if required.
  7. Rename Uplink_Tx1 () to Downlink_Tx.

Using Model Specs

You need to update Downlink_Tx's () Model Specs.

  1. Open Downlink_Tx's () properties ().
  2. Select the Model Specs tab.
  3. Set the Frequency: to 100 THz.
  4. Click Apply .

Antenna specs

You need to update Downlink_Tx's () antenna specs.

  1. Select the Antenna tab.
  2. Change the Design Frequency: value to 100 THz.
  3. Click OK .

Ground site receiver antenna gimbal system

Next, you need to set up the Ground Site's Receiver. The Ground Site will be receiving the signal from GEO_Sat ().

  1. Right-click Geo_Rx_Antenna_Gimbal () in the Object Browser.
  2. Select Copy ().
  3. Right-click Ground_Site () in the Object Browser.
  4. Select Paste ().
  5. Rename Geo_Rx_Antenna_Gimbal1 () to GS_Rx_Antenna_Gimbal.

Targeting the GEO satellite

  1. Open GS_Rx_Antenna_Gimbal's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Pointing page.
  3. Select ISS_ZARYA_25544 () in the Assigned Targets list.
  4. Remove () ISS_ZARYA_25544 () from the Assigned Targets list.
  5. Select Geo_Sat () in the Available Targets list.
  6. Move () Geo_Sat () to the Assigned Targets list.
  7. Click OK .

Renaming the ground site receiver

  1. Expand () GS_Rx_Antenna_Gimbal () in the Object Browser if required.
  2. Rename Uplink_Rx1 () Downlink_Rx.

Updating antenna specs

Update Downlink_Rx's () antenna specs.

  1. Open Downlink_Rx's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page.
  3. Select the Antenna tab
  4. Change the Design Frequency: value to 100 THz.
  5. Click Apply .

Viewing the completed link

You can visualize the completed link in the 3D Graphics window.

  1. Bring the 3D Graphics window to the front.
  2. Click Start () on the Animation Toolbar to animate your scenario.
  3. Click Pause () to pause the scenario when you can see the uplink and the downlink.
  4. Click Reset () when finished.

Uplink and Downlink View

Laser environment Beer-Bouguer-Lambert Law model

You will test your satellite to ground link budget using two laser environment models: The Beer-Bouguer-Lambert Law model and the MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table. Start with the Beer-Bouguer-Lambert Law model.

The Beer-Bouguer-Lambert Law defines the attenuation of an optical signal traveling through an optically homogeneous medium, based on propagation distance and an extinction coefficient specific to medium and signal. STK's implementation allows you to divide the atmosphere into concentric homogeneous spheres, or layers, each having different optical properties. The propagation loss for each layer is then computed using the Beer-Bouguer-Lambert Law.

  1. Return to Downlink_Rx's () properties ().
  2. Select the Laser - Environment page.
  3. Select Enable in the Atmospheric Loss tab.
  4. Ensure Beer-Bouguer-Lambert Law is the selected model.

Using atmospheric layers in STK

You will create three atmospheric layers, studying the effects of each one on your link budget. A lower atmospheric layer has a higher extinction coefficient. The extinction coefficient is how quickly the signal will attenuate through a homogenous medium. Extinction can come from molecular absorption, scattering, and aerosol scattering.

Since the atmosphere has characteristic profiles that vary with altitude (such as temperature, pressure, humidity, and various aerosol content), you can model these vertical profile characteristics with multiple concentric spheres. You can make each concentric sphere have a different extinction coefficient based on the condition of that layer of the atmosphere being modeled.

The number of layers depends on the level of fidelity you want to model. You could just simply model the entire atmosphere with some averaged extinction rate based on a generalized condition, or you can model many layers each with a different extinction. If you don't know the extinction coefficient, you may know the transmittance and the range. Given these two, you can calculate the extinction coefficient. For instance, if you operate within one layer of the atmosphere and you know the transmittance is 93 percent for a path of 5 kilometers, then the extinction coefficient would be 1.45e-5.

For now, you can keep things simple to learn how this feature works.

Adding atmospheric layer 1

You can set up the first atmospheric layer.

  1. Notice by default the top of layer number 1 is at an altitude of 100 km.
  2. Double-click in the ExtinctionCoefficient cell of layer number 1.
  3. Set the value to 1e-07 m^-1.
  4. Click Apply .

Creating a simple Link Budget

As you continue to make changes to the atmospheric conditions of the scenario, you can refresh a Link Budget report to see how those atmospheric changes affected the scenario. You will generate a Link Budget Report to look at the BER between the Ground Site's () Receiver and the GEO Satellite's () Transmitter.

  1. Right-click on Downlink_Rx () in the Object Browser.
  2. Select Access... ().
  3. Expand () Geo_Sat () in the Associated Objects list.
  4. Expand () Geo_Tx_Antenna_Gimbal ().
  5. Select Downlink_Tx ().
  6. Click Compute .

Generating a link budget report

  1. Click Link Budget... in the Reports frame.
  2. Scroll to the right of the report.
  3. Locate the BER column.
  4. Scroll down through the report.
  5. Notice that the BER rates are below 1.000000e-08.
  6. Keep the Link Budget report open.

Adding atmospheric layer 2

Here, you can set up the second atmospheric layer.

  1. Return to Downlink_Rx's () properties ().
  2. Click Add .
  3. Notice that layer 1 was renamed to layer 2 and the new layer 1's layer top is set to an altitude of 50 km.
  4. Double-click in the ExtinctionCoefficient cell for the new layer 1.
  5. Set the value to 1e-06 m^-1.
  6. Click Apply .

Refreshing the Link Budget report

By refreshing the report, you can see how atmospheric layer 2 affected the scenario. You will repeat this process throughout the lesson so you can better analyze the scenario.

  1. Return to the Link Budget report.
  2. Refresh () the report,.

    3. Adding a second layer had some impact to your link budget but the BER values are still good.

  3. Keep the Link Budget report open.

Adding atmospheric layer 3

Set up a third atmospheric layer.

  1. Return to Downlink_Rx's () properties ().
  2. Select the last layer in the list.
  3. Click Add .
  4. Notice layer 1 was renamed to layer 2, layer 2 to layer 3, and the new layer is layer 1.
  5. Notice STK automatically changed the second layer's altitude to 66.6667 km.
  6. Notice that the new layer 1's layer top is at an altitude of 33.3333 km.
  7. Double-click in the ExtinctionCoefficient cell for the new layer 1.
  8. Set the value to 1e-05 m^-1.
  9. Click Apply .

Refreshing the Link Budget report

  1. Return to the Link Budget report.
  2. Refresh () the report.

    3. The lower layer had a significant impact on the link budget BERs which are now above the cutoff of 1.000000e-08.

  3. Keep the Link Budget report open.

Increasing the antenna gain

Increase the receiver's antenna gain to 86 dB.

  1. Return to Downlink_Rx's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page.
  3. Select the Antenna tab.
  4. Set the Gain: value to 86 dB.
  5. Click Apply .

Refreshing the Link Budget report

Analyze the increased gain's effect on your BERs.

  1. Return to the Link Budget report.
  2. Refresh () the report.

    3. The 1 dB gain increase lowered the BERs to an acceptable level.

  3. Keep the Link Budget report open.

Resetting the receiver antenna's gain

Reset the receiver's gain to 85 dB.

  1. Return to Downlink_Rx's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page.
  3. Select the Antenna tab.
  4. Set the Gain: value to 85 dB.
  5. Click Apply .

Laser environment MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table model

The MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table propagation model allows STK users to model their laser communication links (visual, near visual, and infrared) using a higher fidelity laser propagation loss model.

  1. Select the Laser - Environment page.
  2. Select the Atmospheric Loss tab.
  3. Click the Laser Atmospheric Absorption Loss Models Component Selector ().
  4. Select MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table in the Select Component window.
  5. Click OK to close the Select Component window.

Setting local atmospheric conditions

When using the MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table, set the values on local conditions. In this case, you're using average conditions based on the ground sites location and time of year.

  1. Set the following:
    2. Option Value
    Aerosol Model: Tropospheric
    Visibility: 10 mi
    Relative Humidity: 31 %
    Surface Temperature: 41 degF
  2. Click OK.

Refreshing the Link Budget report

You have reset the receiver antenna's gain and modified the MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table. You can refresh the Link Budget report to see how this affected the scenario.

  1. Return to the Link Budget report.
  2. Refresh () the report. Be patient. Using the MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table setting increases computation time.

    3. You increased the scenario's BER totals by modifying the receiver antenna's gain and MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table.

  3. Keep the Link Budget report open.

Increasing Transmitter Power

Using the MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table model with the current setup, your BER values are high. Increase the Geo satellite's transmitter power to see if that helps.

  1. Open Downlink_Tx's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page.
  3. Select the Model Specs tab.
  4. Change the Power: to 25 dBW.
  5. Click OK.

Refreshing the Link Budget report

  1. Return to the Link Budget report.
  2. Refresh () the report.

    3. The transmitter power increase dropped your BER values into an acceptable range.

  3. Keep the Link Budget report open.

Changing the weather conditions

Your ground site is located in the high desert. You can simulate conditions encountered during the summer monsoon.

  1. Open Downlink_Rx's () properties ().
  2. Select the Laser - Environment page.
  3. Select the Atmospheric Loss tab.
  4. Set the following:
    5. Option Value
    Visibility: 5 mi
    Relative Humidity: 50 %
    Surface Temperature: 105 degF
  5. Click Apply .

Refreshing the Link Budget report

  1. Return to the Link Budget report.
  2. Refresh () the report.

    3. Less visibility, higher humidity and temperature increases your BER values and has a significant impact on your link budget.

  3. Keep the Link Budget report open.

Increasing antenna gain

Increase the receiver antenna's gain to 90 dB.

  1. Return to Downlink_Rx's () properties (/).
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page.
  3. Select the Antenna tab.
  4. Set the Gain: value to 90 dB.
  5. Click Apply .

Refreshing the Link Budget report

  1. Return to the Link Budget report.
  2. Refresh () the report.

    3. Your BER values dropped, but you still need more gain.

  3. Keep the Link Budget report open.

Increasing receiver gain

Increase the receiver's gain to 91 dB.

  1. Return to Downlink_Rx's () properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page.
  3. Select the Antenna tab.
  4. Set the Gain: value to 91 dB.
  5. Click Apply .

Refresh the Link Budget report

  1. Return to the Link Budget report.
  2. Refresh () the report.

    3. Your BER values have decreased to an acceptable level. To take into account fluctuations in visibility, humidity and temperature, gain is very important when designing your system.

  3. Close the Link Budget report, the Access Tool and Downlink_Rx's () Properties Browser.

Creating a Chain Object

A chain is a list of objects (either individual or grouped into constellations) in order of access. Assign objects to the chain and define the order in which objects are accessed.

  1. Insert a Chain () object using the Define Properties () method
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page.
  3. Expand () all the objects in the Available Objects list if required.
  4. Move () the following objects to the Assigned Objects list in the following sequence:
    5. Object
    Uplink_Tx
    Uplink_Rx
    Downlink_Tx
    Downlink_Rx
  5. Click OK .
  6. Rename Chain1 () ISS_to_Ground.

Combining your findings into one report

You can combine all transmissions and receptions into one report using the Digital Repeater Comm Link report.

  1. Right-click on ISS_to_Ground () in the Object Browser.
  2. Select Select Report & Graph Manager... ().
  3. Select Digital Repeater Comm Link in the Installed Styles folder in the Styles frame.
  4. Click Generate.

The first line for each chain in the report is the uplink between the ISS and Geo satellite.

The second line for each chain in the report is the downlink between the Geo satellite and the ground site.

For several elements of performance, such as BER, you can see very slight degradation in the composite link in the BER Tot.2 column (although there may be degradation in the downlink as well).

Saving your work

You can clean up and finish your scenario.

  1. Close any open reports, properties, and the Report & Graph Manager.
  2. Save () your work.

Summary

This tutorial focused on STK's laser communication capabilities and how to use STK to determine possible system settings required for a good link budget.

You propagated a LEO satellite and a GEO satellite. You placed a ground site at a location historically known to have clear skies year round. The purpose of these three units was to test a satellite-to-satellite and a satellite-to-ground communications system. You employed Sensor objects as two dimensional gimbal systems in order to point the high gain, highly directional antennas in the system.

Satellite-to-satellite communications were very good. Atmospheric degradation of the communications were nonexistent. Communications between the GEO transmitter and the ground site receiver was a different matter. You studied two laser environmental models. You used the Beer-Bouguer-Lambert Law model to simulate three atmospheric layers. Each layer had its own extinction coefficient. You created a link budget between the GEO satellite and the ground site to determine possible settings needed for a good link budget.

Then, you studied the MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table basing your link budget on changing atmospheric conditions (high visibility, dry and cool versus low visibility, hot and humid). You ended your study by looking at the link as a whole by using a Chain object and the Digital Repeater Comm Link Report.

On your own

Throughout the lesson, hyperlinks were provided that pointed to in depth information. Now's a good time to go back through this tutorial and view that information. Try to create realistic extinction coefficients with the Beer-Bouguer-Lambert Law model. Try different settings while using MODTRAN-derived Lookup Table.