Landing

A Landing procedure brings an aircraft down from the air to a runway site.

The procedure contains three control points - the procedure site, the Initial Approach Fix point, and the Touchdown point - as indicated in the diagram below. The procedure site is defined as the center of the runway. The Initial Approach Fix point is placed at distance from the procedure site equal to the Initial Approach Fix Range. The Touchdown point is placed at the point that the aircraft will reach ground level after descending on the Glideslope from the Initial Approach Fix point.

Click the image to view a detailed diagram.

Approach Mode

Select the type of landing from:

Standard Instrument Approach - The aircraft will perform a landing following standard IFR flight rules; it will use Enroute methodology to reach the Initial Approach Fix Range at the specified altitude, maneuvering as specified to achieve those goals, and then descend to landing along the glideslope.
Intercept Glideslope - The aircraft will perform a landing following VFR flight rules; it will use Basic Point to Point methodology to fly to the Initial Approach Fix Range and then descend to landing along the glideslope.
Enter Downwind Pattern - The aircraft will fly a pattern that takes it to the downwind end of the runway to begin its landing.

Runway Heading

Select the runway heading The direction that the aircraft is pointing. that the aircraft will use. The first numerical value indicates the bearing relative to magnetic north and the second value indicates the bearing relative to true north. These values are derived from the runway site definition.

Landing Options

Option	Description
Approach Alt Above Runway	The aircraft's altitude at the Initial Approach Fix Range. The altitude is constrained by the lowest ceiling value of the active performance models in the current mission phase.
Level Off Maneuver	A level off maneuver is used to bring an aircraft to the approach altitude specified for the landing procedure, if the aircraft is unable to attain that altitude during the course of the procedure. Select from the following leveling off options: Automatic - STK's Aviator capability will determine if a level off maneuver is required, and the direction of the maneuver if needed. Left Turn - The direction of the maneuver will be a left turn. Right Turn - The direction of the maneuver will be a right turn. No Turn - A maneuver will not be performed. If a level off maneuver is required to reach the specified altitude, then the procedure will be invalidated.
Approach Fix Range	The range from the reference point of the runway at which the aircraft begins its landing approach.
Relative to	Select the reference point on the runway for the Approach Fix Range: Runway Center Runway End
Abeam Distance	The distance from the runway that the aircraft will fly the parallel leg of the landing pattern.
Abeam Altitude	The altitude at which the aircraft will fly the parallel leg of the landing pattern.
Final Turn	The direction of the turn that the aircraft will make when it lines up over the runway to land.
Glideslope	The angle from horizontal on which the aircraft descends to touchdown.
Runway Altitude Offset	The altitude offset above the ground level of the procedure site.
Use Terrain for Runway Altitude	Select this check box to use terrain data to define the runway's ground level altitude. Aviator will find the highest altitude along the runway and use that value for its landing roll.
Touch and Go	Select this check box to end the procedure at wheels down. You can then follow this landing procedure with a Takeoff procedure to simulate a "touch and go" landing. The aircraft will, if needed, accelerate to the takeoff speed as specified in the performance model as part of the subsequent takeoff procedure. The subsequent takeoff procedure can be placed in a new phase. It must still be the very next procedure.

Enroute Options

Enroute Options define maneuvering performance characteristics of the aircraft during enroute segments of the procedure.

Table - Enroute Options Parameters

Option	Description
Delay Enroute Climbs and Descents	Select this check box to have the aircraft begin climbing or descending at a point in time during the procedure such that it won't achieve the new altitude until the start of the arc or pattern, or until it has reached the procedure site (whichever is applicable to the specific procedure).
Use Max Speed When Computing Turn Radii	Select this check box to force the aircraft maintain its cruise speed when turning, even if doing so will result in the aircraft making a turn large enough that it takes longer to complete than it would complete a slower, smaller turn.
Turn Factor	The Turn Factor is the maximum amount - expressed as a multiplier - that the turn radius will be increased to minimize the bank angle required to complete the turn. The factor is applied only to turns that are performed enroute to the procedure's first control point. The full circles that correspond (or are tangent) to the start/stop turns at the extended radius may not intersect if the factor is set high enough. This parameter is a limit and may not actually be achieved due to the requirement to generate an appropriate turn sequence. You can adjust the slider or enter the value manually in the box, with the minimum value being 1 and the maximum value being 10.

Enroute Cruise Airspeed

Enroute Cruise Airspeed parameters define the airspeed performance characteristics of the aircraft during enroute segments of the procedure.

Table - Enroute Cruise Airpseed Parameters

Parameter	Description
Airspeed Type	Select the method for determining the airspeed from the following options: Minimum Airspeed - constant airspeed at the minimum cruising airspeed for the aircraft. Max Endurance Airspeed - variable airspeed that maximizes the length of time that the aircraft can remain in flight. Max Range Airspeed - variable airspeed that maximizes the distance that the aircraft can fly. Max Performance Airspeed – a custom performance airspeed and fuel flow that you can use to model specific flight conditions. Maximum Airspeed - constant airspeed at the maximum cruising airspeed for the aircraft. Other Airspeed - constant, manually defined airspeed. With the exception of Other Airspeed, the actual airspeed will be defined by the currently selected cruise performance model, or possibly by the currently selected climb or descent performance model if the aircraft is climbing or descending.
Airspeed	Displays the airspeed. If the airspeed type is Other Airspeed, enter the desired airspeed value; otherwise, the calculated value will be displayed and cannot be edited. Select a reference from the drop-down menu - true airspeed (TAS True Airspeed: the speed that the aircraft is moving relative to the airmass that it is flying in.), calibrated airspeed (CAS Calibrated Airspeed: the speed reported by the airspeed indicator, corrected for position and instrument error.), equivalent airspeed (EAS Equivalent Airspeed: the airspeed at sea level (International Standard Atmosphere) at which the dynamic pressure is equal to the dynamic pressure at the aircraft's current true airspeed and altitude.), or Mach The ratio of the aircraft's speed and the speed of sound at the aircraft's altitude, with local atmospheric conditions. number.
Airspeed Profile	Select a method for attaining the procedure's cruise airspeed from the following options: Fly cruise airspeed profile (immediate change) - the aircraft adopts the selected cruise airspeed at the beginning of the procedure Arrive on cruise airspeed (gradual change) - the aircraft begins accelerating or decelerating in the previous procedure so that it arrives at the beginning of the procedure at the selected cruise airspeed.

Parameter

Description

Airspeed Type

Select the method for determining the airspeed from the following options:

Minimum Airspeed - constant airspeed at the minimum cruising airspeed for the aircraft.
Max Endurance Airspeed - variable airspeed that maximizes the length of time that the aircraft can remain in flight.
Max Range Airspeed - variable airspeed that maximizes the distance that the aircraft can fly.
Max Performance Airspeed – a custom performance airspeed and fuel flow that you can use to model specific flight conditions.
Maximum Airspeed - constant airspeed at the maximum cruising airspeed for the aircraft.
Other Airspeed - constant, manually defined airspeed.

With the exception of Other Airspeed, the actual airspeed will be defined by the currently selected cruise performance model, or possibly by the currently selected climb or descent performance model if the aircraft is climbing or descending.

Airspeed

Displays the airspeed. If the airspeed type is Other Airspeed, enter the desired airspeed value; otherwise, the calculated value will be displayed and cannot be edited. Select a reference from the drop-down menu - true airspeed (TAS True Airspeed: the speed that the aircraft is moving relative to the airmass that it is flying in.), calibrated airspeed (CAS Calibrated Airspeed: the speed reported by the airspeed indicator, corrected for position and instrument error.), equivalent airspeed (EAS Equivalent Airspeed: the airspeed at sea level (International Standard Atmosphere) at which the dynamic pressure is equal to the dynamic pressure at the aircraft's current true airspeed and altitude.), or Mach The ratio of the aircraft's speed and the speed of sound at the aircraft's altitude, with local atmospheric conditions. number.

Airspeed Profile

Select a method for attaining the procedure's cruise airspeed from the following options:

Fly cruise airspeed profile (immediate change) - the aircraft adopts the selected cruise airspeed at the beginning of the procedure
Arrive on cruise airspeed (gradual change) - the aircraft begins accelerating or decelerating in the previous procedure so that it arrives at the beginning of the procedure at the selected cruise airspeed.

Enroute Turn Direction

Enroute Turn Direction parameters define the direction that the aircraft will turn during enroute segments of the procedure.

Table - Enroute Turn Direction Parameters

Parameter	Description
First Turn	The direction of the turn made from the end of the previous procedure as the aircraft sets its course toward the procedure site. Select from the following options: Automatic - STK's Aviator capability will determine the direction of the turn. Turn Left - Specifies a left turn. Turn Right - Specifies a right turn.
Second Turn	The direction of the turn made to achieve the outbound course at the procedure site. Select from the following options: Automatic - Aviator will determine the direction of the turn. Turn Left - Specifies a left turn. Turn Right - Specifies a right turn.

Vertical Plane Options

Vertical Plane Options parameters define the flight path angle of the aircraft during enroute and arc segments of the procedure.

Parameter	Description
Radius Factor	The Radius Factor is the maximum amount - expressed as a multiplier - that the radius of a vertical curve will be increased to minimize the flight path angle required to complete it. The full circles that correspond (or are tangent) to the start/stop curves at the extended radius may not intersect if the Radius Factor is set high enough. This parameter is a limit and may not actually be achieved due to the requirement to generate an appropriate curve sequence. You can adjust the slider or enter the value manually in the box, with the minimum value being 1 and the maximum value being 10.
Min Enroute FPA	The minimum pitch angle of the flight path during enroute segments of the procedure.
Max Enroute FPA	The maximum pitch angle of the flight path during enroute segments of the procedure.